HOME

Austro-Hungary

It didn't have an official national flag, but its merchant ships bore this with its mark of crown and shield. It was also used as a battle flag until 1915. A few years later, at the end of World War I, the Austro Hungarian Empire collapsed.

Ottoman Empire

The thousand-year caliphate's last flag flew in 1923.

Spanish Empire, Cross of Burgundy Flag

Flown over Spanish colonies, from the early 1500s until 1785, when the empire began to disintegrate.

USSR -- Soviet Russian Empire

The greatest armed force in human history, a political system based on total control of an entire population. Its last flag was pulled down from the Kremlin on December 25, 1991,
ending the Cold War and occupation of eastern Europe.

British Empire, Crown Colony of India

Flag pulled down after Ghandi's revolution in 1947. Enlightened as the British claimed to be, they were powerless before the revival of Indian nationalism. Over the next twenty years, the rest of the largest empire ever built split apart.

Empire of Japan

Ended after defeat in Second War War and new constitution of Japan, 1945-1947. Brilliant employment of arms on land and sea and in the air, as well as an astonishing will to employ cruelty and violence on defeated populations, could not stop its enemies.

China, Qing Dynasty

Perhaps the world's oldest organized society, at the end of the 19th century, it was disintegrating at every level, and then was swept away by war and revolution. Banner no longer used after 1890.

Portuguese Empire

A vast assembly of colonies until its collapse two hundred years ago, the worst of slave trading economies,one of the most oppressive regimes.
This banner was used in the Absolutist period. The Empire fell apart at the end of this, when it was no longer affordable -- 1816.

Byzantine Empire

The eastern remnant of the Roman Empire that outlived it by a thousand years; survived an errant crusade that turned from fighting Muslims to overunning Constantinople (modern Istanbul). This is the banner of Palaiologos Dynasty, used until the fall of Byzantium to an army of Moslems, 1453

Confederate States of America

A slave-centered, rebel republic that spun off from the United States in 1861. This flag was replaced with new designs twice before Richmond was overrun by U.S. Federal troops in April of 1865, 150 years ago.

Each of these vast domains was constructed on an overpowering foundation of one form of slavery or another, with the exception of Britain after 1848 and the post-Stalin USSR. Each empire has passed into history, its banners and flags now safely described as symbols of very little beyond what can be captured of their former authority in books. What otherwise, besides rot, happens to flags of extinct nations and empires? One fate is that of becoming an historical signpost. But, despite the former fame and ambit of what each represented, nowadays we may have to engage in a little scholarship to ferret out just what they stood for. What else? There's entertainment value – use as a prop in an historical fiction for instance. There may be a possible moral lesson expressed by an old flag, thought that will have most likely been drawn from a successor empire. That's all there is. Dust to dust, as the saying goes.....

Well, maybe there is another value in an historic flag in use as funerary art. General Lee's battle flag (the Stars and Bars at the center of current conflicts over North American political history) is still used that way in some Civil War battlefield cemeteries (though less so recently). Mourning is a valid response to wartime death, obviously, and more Americans died in the Civil War than in any other conflict, but one has to look twice. Such commemorative art has genuine meaning only to those who remember (first or second hand) who and what it stands for. When that connection is lost, as late as a third generation, but more often, especially in America, within twenty years, what remains? It looks to this writer to be nostalgic fantasy (a prop for Civil War re-enacters, for instance) or as a propaganda tool to manipulate the ignorant.

By far the best way to appreciate such things, whether old funerary statues, or ancient flags of dead nations, is to note their fabulous irony, that, no matter how beautiful or how hideous, each flag stands for a dream that's been dead for centuries. Fortunately or not for all of us, time doesn't just pass; it erases. Dragging out old symbols to inspire fear or outrage should be left to politicians with a taste for losing elections.

Arthur Mortensen
Expansive Poetry & Music Online

Interview with Claudia Gary, with Philip Quinlan of
the UK's online poetry journal Angle, August 2014

From the online journal Angle in the UK: Claudia Gary on music and verse. The linkage between music and poetry, and how important it can be, is an ongoing discussion among poets, critics and readers. Gary's views on this are clear, well-founded and nicely presented here. Both as a composer and a poet, she presents a thesis with which one can agree or disagree. However, you won't find a basis for discussion, of course, unless you spend time investigating thoughts in the interview. Claudia Gary's published works includes Humor Me, from Wordtech Press, 2005. Claudia Gary, Wade Newman, and the late Alfred Dorn wrote the first four releases from the critically acclaimed Somers Rocks Press chapbook series (1996-2001, 22 titles in all). She has set numerous poems to music, including several by Frederick Turner. Attention to the rest of this terrific journal is strongly enouraged.

When the PDF appears, jump to page 79, where you'll find the interview. (It's not directly recorded in the table of contents.) There are links to performances of Gary's songs in the body of the interview. Don' t miss them. The essay she occasionally refers to by the late Richard Moore is in the old archives for EP&M. (See below)

The Expansive movement began decades ago to counter a depressing reality in published verse: most poems were lame efforts at self-mythification -- poor imitations of the first Confessionalists. It felt as though a tsunami of oatmeal had dimmed poetry€™s most attractive facets, including prosody, strong diction, storytelling, and the use of reference and language clear enough to bridge the divide between individuals.

Stopping in at the now-extinct Gotham Bookstore to survey what was new, this writer too often spent more time looking at photos on the walls of what used to be than at current journals and new books. Hoping to find someone as engaging as, say, a Beat from the 1950s, or Eliot, Stevens or Millay from the 1930s, he found very little with real energy. Most poems and lyrics communicated mirror images of people this writer neither knew nor cared to meet, and in a style best described as the prevalence of sincerity over craft.

Then, at a bridge of lost hope, something emerged both old and new. Growing out of regional magazines like the Kenyon Review, this new poetry wave featured writers who knew how to use classical means to develop modern material. One of them, made visible by little presses called Countryman and Seagull, was Frederick Feirstein, a noted psychoanalyst in Manhattan who€™d once written for theater and television. What made his work jump off the page? The poems were alive; they told stories about someone else, and in a recognizable voice:

           The siren€™s screaming in my head again,
           This time it€™s Grandpa waiting to go down,
           With his last preserves hooked up to his vein,
           The sick king crumbling in his common gown.

           Among the pots bubbling with grapes and plums
           In his huge kitchen, we blow on tablespoons
           Of juice, while Grandpa seals the vacuums
           In the finished jars....

The poet is not standing off at third person distance. This Grandfather is his; and, the wonder, shock, and horror at realizations about his Grandfather€™s life (including his survival of the Holocaust), belong to the poet, as they should. Strong, symbolic figures are created that way, by who sees them, and how. When found in a mirror, they€™re usually transmitted by the damaged and the deluded.

It€™s now forty years after that first, exciting book. Feirstein€™s shelf has grown long, and is one this reviewer often refers to. Some favorites include Manhattan Carnival, about to be re-released by Grolier; City Life, which includes the delicious comedy €œPsychiatrist at the Cocktail Party,€; Fathering; Ending the 20th Century, New and Selected; and Fallout. His newest, though hardly his last, as another book works toward publication, is Dark Energy, brought out by the Grolier Established Poet Series in Cambridge. The title is strongly related to a theoretical assumption of the same name in physics. A little quote about €œdark energy€from the NASA Web site:

More is unknown than is known. We know how much dark energy there is because we know how it affects the Universe's expansion. Other than that, it is a complete mystery. But it is an important mystery. It turns out that roughly 68% of the Universe is dark energy. Dark matter makes up about 27%. The rest - everything on Earth, everything ever observed with all of our instruments, all normal matter - adds up to less than 5% of the Universe. [Ed.€™s bold] Come to think of it, maybe it shouldn't be called "normal" matter at all, since it is such a small fraction of the Universe.

Feirstein€™s a poet and psychoanalyst, not a physicist, but you can hardly miss the analogy. What we think of as our manifestation in the world, our behavior, acts, conversation, deeds, etc., is an incomplete picture. If we€™re able to negotiate growing up, career, family, and relationships with uninterrupted progress, we may never see what€™s missing. However, when something disturbs us without apparent cause, or makes a major part of our life narrative break up, we may go to someone like Frederick Feirstein. But most of the time, it's not that serious. We solve the problem by manufacturing a story or myth to satisfy our questions. That new piece of our narrative may not be real or complete, yet still reveal just enough to allow us to move on, assured that we know where we are on life's through line. Story and myth, insubstantial though they may seem, are arguably the dark energy of the human psyche. They drive us; they shape us; we can fall apart when they don't ring true. And that, in part, is the foundation on which Feirstein€™s Dark Energy is built.

We all tell stories that rationalize things otherwise not quite explainable. So do families, community groups, tribes, even whole nations. Here's an example of the latter. The tale of the Founding Fathers, for American Constitutionalists, is the story that justifies a concept of universal law that may otherwise be fairly regarded, as it was by Hannah Arendt, as a fiction. But, so long as the story holds, exemplary evidence attached, it has unmistakable power to change the way we think and act. Feminist stories about the Seneca Falls Convention, and its role in political emancipation of women, are just that; the facts can be interpreted differently. For instance, women were politically and economically emancipated first in the Wyoming territory (written about with some astonishment by European observers in the 1890s). One myth doesn't fit everyone. However, it seems clear that Seneca Falls is as strong a founding myth for some as Wyoming is for others.

We tell stories to comfort us in the night, to give solace during in the day. Stories translate shattering grief into manageable mourning. At a wake, or sitting shiva, we tell stories about the dead, proving not only that they once lived, but that we knew them and can speak about them. But we also have power to change the story, or tell a revelatory anecdote that nobody has ever heard before. Other stories create order in a world far too complicated and dangerous to face without a strategy. Stories and myths can help. We often depend upon them to do so:

Wheeling down Main Street in technicolor light
Are Disney€™s heroes, our mythology,
A comfort in the middle of the night.

Mickey Mouse, Minnie, Uncle Donald help.
The children of America are sick
Of war, cultural suicide, and greed.
Snow White, Bambi, Lady and the Tramp,
It€™s midnight now, help us in our hour of need.

It€™s good to start an exploration like this with humor. While it may seem silly to ask cartoon characters for help, could they offer any? They€™re amusing fictions, fun to watch (as art and story), but -- and this is telling, they€™re also predictable. That makes them comforting. If you're really distressed when you start to watch one of these and end up laughing and feeling better, it looks like Mickey, et al, did something besides flit about on a screen. And there's more to it. Myths are prefigured stories. We know how each episode will turn out, whether it's set on Mt. Olympus or on a movie screen. We accept those conventions and, by doing that, we know how the complications will resolve. These restrictions on fictions also tell the stories' authors how to behave, so that we€™ll feel right about a retelling. And we can be nasty when someone violates that agreement. Look at the response to Ralph Bakshi's Fritz, the Cat (1968), regarded by many as pornography parading as a cartoon. Another critics described it as a wickedly funny variation on an old standby. We can't ignore the importance of this.

Myth creation, and storytelling, are vital to individual psychic health, and to whole societies. Colin Turnbull, in a controversial book, The Mountain People (1972), posited the theory that the Ik tribe of Uganda suffered complete social disintegration after a government-forced move from a rich valley to a near-desert. The change, according to Trumbull's account, undercut almost every social and cultural tradition the Ik observed, leaving a desolated people behind. Similar theories have been posited about the effect of the Bureau of Irish Affairs (or the American Bureau of Indian Affairs) by deliberate suppression of standard cultural stories, or myths, as well as local language. A large part of the Irish revival in the 20th century arose from poets reconstructing the great cultural myths of Eire. Much the same happened with the American Indian Movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Cultural myths can take on a variety of forms, as this one from Vienna.

Freud found his myth in self-analysis
Where Orpheus, ne Oedipus he led
Us lost boys, naked, to our soul€™s abyss
-- To see in flashbacks what we missed in bed.

So ask yourselves, what myth became your Fate,
What traumas drew you in to play what part,
What self-deceptions, and what hypnoid states
Determined what exactly broke your heart.

(A note: don€™t expect extremely formal abstractions, academic obfuscation, or rarefied references from this poet. Thankfully he€™s not that kind of maker. The movement he co-founded all those years ago was strongly opposed to such tactics, describing them as means of avoiding, not delivering, meaning and story).

The sequence travels with Freud to the end of Part I, from the comforting, pre-war illusions of Vienna (€œDaydreaming€), to the shock of the Nazis -- horrible confirmations of vital segments of Freud€™s perceptions and understandings, his story breaking toward scientific knowledge:

The mystic quest for light inside the dark
Witch€™s wood always is doomed to fail.
Heroic in our search for mother€™s milk,
We find poison in the Holy Grail

So we must cherish every nanosecond
And not turn Paradise into a hell --
Public in war, private in neurosis --
But live in every nonmalignant cell.

A remarkable figure like Freud developed his stories toward a greater purpose, pushing toward a science of understanding variations of the human psyche. But the rest of us do the same thing, for similar (if more personal) purposes, as children do with fairytales.

In almost every fairytale we€™ve ever heard
We children can€™t be seen, can€™t say a word,
And know our Fate must always be absurd.

For instance, when the father suffers grief
He sends us children to our stepmom€™s double
Who puts us on a cross or bas relief.

Our task, then, is to be resurrected
By challenging the unexpected,
To re-appear the fractally perfected.

Hansel and Gretel, Snow White are the best
To learn from. learn never to trust or rest
--The poorest of us and the wealthiest.
When we toast Life, remember we€™re Death€™s guest.

This is an important book, not only for the excellent poetic sequences, but for reminding us of a truth we can€™t safely ignore. Stories and myths stem as much from observation as from imagination. A good example is the apocryphal story about the best scientist making a difficult area of research suddenly visible. It sounds impossible; it's hard to prove, and can be misleading (failing to credit Rosalind Franklin is a very good counterargument about that story's plausibility). Still, we're surrounded by examples that are hard to ignore. Insoluble problems beset us and then, one day, thanks to Newton or Einstein or Freud or Feigenbaum, we go €˜oh, that was easy.€™ And so we keep the myth in our repertoire of tools for understanding our world and our place in it. Feirstein offers something related, telling us what we should know about human storytelling and mythmaking.

We€™ve always known that we make things up about people and the world. When we tell little fibs to cover up a mistake, most of us know what we€™re doing. We€™re papering a potential hurt with a (hopefully) harmless tale. But we don€™t talk about the process very much, or very honestly. And that€™s bad, because, with myth and exemplary story, when we forget what they can do, we turn them into sentimental mush. Then, the adults start texting while the movie€™s running and the kids wonder why they€™re being lied to. It happens a lot; it€™s a big part of commercial translation of popular culture.

To protect the children from the scariness of Little Red Riding Hood, right-thinkers turn the wolf into a nice creature who€™d be a sweet doggie if he were fed more often. In the original, the message of the wolf was transparent: things are not what they seem. If you succumb to lies, even from someone who looks like your grandmother, you will be eaten alive by a world without tolerance for the ignorant. Scary -- but kids need those messages, not the squishy-soft versions written by committees looking to avoid liability. The stories and myths are not just warnings, but jumping off points from the illusory comforts of childhood. Feirstein does this especially well with wonderful variations on old stories, such as an aging Snow White (surely meaningful in American life):

Her face is now a zero of despair
Over aging, money, the fatality
Of menopause, sexual schemers...
She lifts a wisp of gray hair
And tries to grin, €œBring me no more dreamers.€

€œSnow White€, from part 2., Gravity of the Black Hole

Or the Prince with his hope:

So here€™s Snow White, apparently not living.
Behind her glass, she doesn€™t look too well.
Yet the Prince has the innocence to hope

He can resuscitate her with this kiss he€™s giving.
Warmed by the fire in her inner hell,
He doesn€™t hear her cackle, €œYour breath€™s smoke,€

Or see the Mother Witch inside her unforgiving,
Or the Victim shouting in the mirror, €œI can€™t cope!
This Prince here thinks I€™m actually living?

€œHe doesn€™t know I€™m happiest with dopes,
My seven ex's with their dwarfish living....

Ralph Bakshi never did better! And there's more to this. Common reference points make changing the story possible. The Prince and Snow White, older now, experienced, and in different circumstances, are still recognizable characters. The new stories build on the original, without which there would be nothing to work with. These variations, based on what students of chaotic systems call €œrecursion€, or €re-entry,€ allow us to travel a familiar path, in the process of repetition gaining a different perspective, and sometimes a dramatically different outcome. Storytelling and mythmaking are how human beings build civilized perceptions of themselves and of their relationships to others. Some animals can talk. Some use tools. Some remember each other. And some can even predict the future a little. Human animals, through a luxury of intelligence, can construct enormous stories from anecdotes, original myths, carefully filtered experience. These stories are the framework on which we hang the canvas of our lives, whether as individuals or civilizations.

Feirstein develops this at some length in the opening sequence, "Gravity of the Black Hole", and its three parts are worth going back to again and again, for their wit, wisdom, and often dark humor. You€™ll never see Three Blind Mice in quite the same way again, or Cinderella:

The Prince with Cinderella was persistent.
Twice he lost her, twice he freed her from
Her own masochistic disasters,
And married her and lived forever after.
The Prince went twice to her crazy house,
Smoking cigars, riding on Fantasy,
Trusting himself, his courage; he knew he could
Rescue Love, rescue himself with Reason.
He knew he was the damned but favored son.
He married what€™s unconscious, what we shun.

Adults have different versions....

We€™ve discussed the content but only implied the craft in Dark Energy. Reading these poems, with their delightful structure, intricate rhymes and supple flow, it should be no surprise that Feirstein has written lyrics for several full-length musicals. These poems, in their dramatic pitch, reveal Feirstein the playwright as well. The excerpts cited indicate that Feirstein has a terrific ear, with the sense to leave space for a reader (or listener) to fill in the blanks. That's a requirement in verse as much as in lyrics for a song. Versification got a bad name under the Modernists, hardly better under post-Modern critics. But, if you enjoy good songs, lyrics and poems, their success most often requires their author knowing what to do with prosody and how to fit the music. Feirstein figured that out a long time ago. Dark Energy is the latest example.

Reviews are not intended as survey courses for sophomores, but as teases to tempt readers to the bookstore, online or off. The rest of the book should be a surprise. You will be, not only by the reworked fairy tales and observations about them, but by Part II, the second sequence, "The Two Sides of the Moon."

Dark Energy is a remarkable book and is highly recommended. And special thanks to Ifeanyi Menkiti, who has not only started a fine new press but has also saved Grolier€™s of Cambridge, one of America€™s great bookstores.

Arthur Mortensen
Expansive Poetry and Music Online

Arthur Mortensen is a playwright and a poet. His latest collection is Why Hamlet Waited So Long, from St. Sebastian Press. He has been the Webmaster for a very long time.

Broken Hierarchies - Geoffrey Hill;
Collected Poems -Michael O€™Siadhail;
Collected Poems - Sean O€™Brien;
Collected Poems - Paul Petrie;
Drysalter - Michael Symmons Roberts;
Dogwatch - R.S. Gwynn;
Walking In On People - Melissa Balmain

(All titles available at outlets such as Amazon.com. Sean O'Brien's Collected P:oems is a Kindle book on Amazon.com, but can be found in paper elsewhere.)

The New York Times Book Review has long been something of a sad joke played on the literary world, so I should not have nourished very high expectations for their recent special issue supposedly devoted to contemporary American poetry. Beside some pretentious posturing of less-than-insightful considerations of the value (or lack of same) of poetry in the contemporary world (William Logan, usually one of the few critical voices worthy of consistent trust and one of our best poets, is not enhanced by his company here), the NYTBR did actually review a few books€”a very few, but multiple factors of their usual allotment. Given particular attention are books by James Franco, actor and degree-accumulator, and Patricia Lockwood, whose collection Motherland Fatherland Homelandsexuals, ponders such imponderables as: €œWhat if a deer did porn? Is America going down on Canada? What happens when Niagara Falls gets drunk at a wedding? Is it legal to marry a stuffed owl exhibit? What would Walt Whitman€™s tit-pics look like?€ (I quote from promotional copy). The Times has reviewed the book not only in the Book Review but in the regular paper and profiled her in the magazine in the past month. Most poets would die for such coverage; obviously, they€™re not asking the right questions.

(Lockwood€™s is a bad book, but not as bad as I anticipated. She has a much better sense of humor and of the absurd than Sharon Olds. Parts of some of her poems actually display a certain amount of wit, but she is a one-trick pony and, like Frost€™s fireflies, €œcan€™t sustain the part.€)

But there have been books of poetry published over the past year or so that are worthy of close and continued and repeated attention, though they seem to have escaped the Times€™ attention span. All should have much more consideration than I can give them here€”and I could easily mention more€”but if a few readers are directed to books they might otherwise have missed, my purpose is served. I also am going to include books by non-American poets; although I am ill at ease in a world ruled by multinational corporations whose claim to personhood grants them more rights than actual people, to we who are both blessed and cursed with an international language it seems parochial to restrict one€™s coverage to these shores.

Certainly the highlight has to be the publication of Geoffrey Hill€™s Broken Hierarchies (Oxford University Press). This is Hill€™s Collected and logs in at nearly 1000 pages, over 800 of them written since the mid 80s. Ludo and three of the collection of books Hill calls the Daybooks see book form for the first time; in addition, several other works, in particular Hymns to Our Lady of Chartres, have been substantially revised and expanded. This explosion of work, particularly since the mid-90s, has brought concern from a number of critics. Hill€™s poetry up through The Mystery of the Charity of Charles Pe€guy in 1983 emerged in small, tightly-knit collections spaced over gaps of several years. His work since has been much more expansive and tended to be freer in form, though much of the work in the past decade has returned to extraordinarily complex forms, some of which seem arbitrarily imposed over extended sequences.

I have been particularly wary of his triptych The Triumph of Love, Speech! Speech!, and The Orchards of Syon, which appeared between 1998 and 2002. Speech! Speech! I find especially troublesome, the effort it demands seems to result in diminishing returns. Hill€™s poetry has always demanded a great deal of effort, but it usually rewards it. The manner in these poems also appears a return to high Modernism; Hill has always been influenced by Modernism as a poet as well as being an insightful critic of it (Hill is one of our greatest living literary essayists), but I remain skeptical that its influence in these poems is benign for the most part.

These caveats are offered uneasily. Hill has been a difficult poet from the beginning and he takes no prisoners. I have read Broken Hierarchies in its entirely twice and the other collections that appeared previously many times. This is a volume that anyone who wants to know the poetry of the last fifty plus years has to come to some sort of terms with; the work of the past couple decades will take many critics more than a couple decades to come to terms with. With all my equivocations about the more recent work€”and there is clearly greatness in it€”just the work of Hill up through the Pe€guy would make him our greatest living poet.

Michael O€™Siadhail is not a name much known in American poetry, but his Collected Poems (Bloodaxe) incorporates thirteen volumes and logs in at 800-plus pages. O€™ Siadhail is an uneven poet€”he writes a great deal and individual poems can include a stinker of a line within a lovely passage. Many collections focus around particular themes: The Gossamer Wall is particularly interesting in how it deals with the Holocaust through a series of interconnected lyric and narrative poems. A Fragile City is heavily influenced by the ethics of Levinas. Yet he can also title a collection Rungs of Time which makes too much of a metaphor that certainly would be exhausted after a couple poems, rather than winding through an entire volume. His 2010 collection Tongues deals with etymological roots of words from an impressive array of languages (the poet is a linguist), but dozens and dozens of poems dealing with word origins pall after a bit. O€™Siadhail has a Victorian expansiveness about him which can make him difficult to quote in snippets that would leave an appropriate impression of his work. But through the entire corpus of his work the poet€™s spirit is one of graciousness and, at his best, subtlety:

                  I feed on such courtesy.
                  These guests keep countenancing me.
                  Mine always mine. This complicity
                  Of faces, companions, breadbreakers.
                  You and you and you. My fragile city.

The overtones of €œcountenancing€ and €œcomplicity€ add a further dimension to what is going on here. It would be welcome to have a good selected edition of O€™Siadhail€™s work. His Collected can be a bit much to wade through at times, but there is much fine work here. The book comes with a CD of the poet reading nearly 40 of his poems.

Sean O€™Brien€™s Collected Poems (Picador) weighs in at a bit less bulky 500 pages, consisting of nine collections plus an excerpt from his translation of Dante. Long identified with Newcastle, O€™Brien is also a good practical critic. His Collected shows considerable range of themes and styles. His earlier books in particular demonstrate an energetic anapestic line:

                They are bored with the half-life of scholarly myth,
                Bored with the gaze of the sunblind student
                Attacked by nausea on a bus to the Gut
                Where adventure appears in a glass of anis
                As a species of maritime fraud
                At which the police can only smile
                As they sit by the fountains comparing their guns.

There is a restless, searching quality to O€™Brien€™s poetry, an urban poetry of decay, concerned with the city€™s hidden places. Trains and ghosts, and ghost trains, inhabit a number of poems, and we see the detritus of a post-industrial north, further ravaged by Thatcher, Blair & Co. O€™Brien has a strong satirical sense; witness the beginning of €œWelcome, Major Poet!€:

                We have sat here in too many poetry readings
                Wearing our liberal rictus and cursing our folly,
                Watching the lightbulbs die and the curtains rot
                And the last flies departing for Scunthorpe.
                Forgive us. We know all about you.

His collection The Drowned Book was the first collection ever to win both the T.S. Eliot and the Forward Prizes (The feat has since been duplicated by John Burnside), so he has merited considerable attention in England, though his Collected has, surprisingly, not been widely reviewed. Although he is a very English poet in terms of reference, he clearly deserves more attention on this side of the pond.

Continuing with retrospective volumes, I want to call attention to Paul Petrie€™s Collected Poems. Petrie, who died in 2012, was my mentor and friend, and I can€™t pretend to much critical distance here, but this book holds the work of a lifetime successfully dedicated to poetry. The poems are not arranged chronologically; the ordering was carried out by the poet late in life. The subject matter is wide and the styles are varied; Paul would work the gamut of available forms. I cannot do better than quote X.J. Kennedy: €œWhen the best American poems of the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries are assembled, it won€™t matter who copped more prizes or was the subject of more dissertations. All that will matter will be the poems and whether people want to remember them. And then, if there is a just God in Heaven, or even if there isn€™t, Paul Petrie will have some poems in there. He did so much that will keep.€

Moving on to individual collections. I cannot think of a book in a long time that I€™ve found more impressive than Drysalter (Cape) by Michael Symmons Roberts, the winner of the 2013 Forward Prize. Roberts€™ previous collections have been of interest, but Drysalter boosts Roberts into elite company here. The book is a series of 150 fifteen-line poems, matching the number of Psalms. Roberts seems to find about every available conceivable way to shape his fifteen lines; most long sequences tire and seem to demand selection. Not here. Roberts hits a high level from the first poem (€œSmall breaks first: cup on the marble floor, / mirror on staircase, cracked watch-face, / hairlines in roof tiles. Then it escalates.€) to last (€œSo once again we walk and witness, / give thanks to the tangible and visible, / but no one dares to sing a note, dig in a heel.€) There is a visionary quality to many of the poems€”the beginning of €œThe Sea Again€:

                has been among us in the night.
                I knew it from the trace of grit,
                beneath my feet, salt on my tongue-root.

                The very last S of the backwash
                filled my ears. Yet by dawn there is was
                tame between the harbor walls.

Drysalter ranges widely over subject matter; it is unified by its sense of vision as well as the number of lines. It demands, and rewards, re-reading. Roberts has set the bar high and cleared it.

It has been far too long since R.S. Gwynn last published a full-length collection. The wait is now happily over with the publication of Dogwatch (Measure). The collection does not strike out in new directions, but the wry and witty perspective one and the consummate use of forms (particularly repeating forms) one associates with Gwynn are very much in evidence here. Literary take-offs frequently offer a good vantage point for the world€™s follies: €œA Darker Round€ updates Dante to find room for plumbers, contractors, insurance claims adjustors and their ilk. I am glad to see €œBallade Beginning with a Line by Robert Bly€ (remember him?) in more permanent form and delighted in finding Larkin€™s Mr Bleaney reincarnated as €œMr Heaney€: €œ€™This was Mr Heaney€™s room. The peat€™s / From off his boots. It got into the rug / And won€™t be Hoovered out. Likewise the sheets / And pillow case€€™€ More seriously, €œOn the Lea, April, 1621€ is a poem that will last a long time, certainly one of the greatest fishing poems ever written. Making use of a shared pastime of two fishermen, who happened to be Izaak Walton and John Donne, the poem does not lend itself readily to being excerpted. A three-page poem written in heroic couplets, it unfolds gradually and with considerable grace. One couplet reads: €œPraise be to Him Who has provided much / To one of supple wrist and gentle touch.€ Suppleness and a gentle touch are certainly in evidence in this poem.

With her first full-length collection, Walking in on People (Able Muse), Melissa Balmain stakes her claim to membership among our best writers of light verse. Light verse is a misleading term. Most of Balmain€™s poems are not light in the sense of frivolous or superficial. They often raise serious topics, but they do so with a wonderful sense of humor. Children know poetry can be fun; that seems to be educated out of people quickly. And €œWalking in on People€ is fun. The puns€”that use of words condemned by writers of more substance than Shakespeare or Joyce€”are wonderful. €œHard-shelled€ begins €œA noble urge to liberate the lobsters / came over me in Wal-Mart yesterday€ but economics soon overcomes idealism. I quote €œTale of a Relationship, in Four Parts€ in its entirety: €œKissing / Hissing / Dissing / Missing.€ Pretty simple? Try coming up with one yourself. Or maybe talk with a Gen-y-er: €œCome hang with me and all my bros-- / we€™ll grab some brews and Domino€™s / and Netflix The Avengers next. / Later, maybe we can sext.€ Fluffy doesn€™t like the family€™s new arrival: €œIt can€™t climb up a tree, / it can€™t chase balls of string, / it leaves you zero time for me-- / just eat the wretched thing.€ And many, many more like these. If you are wanting to convert someone who thinks reading poetry is only a slight improvement over visiting the dentist, get him or her this book. Balmain is now editor of Light; I can€™t think of anyone better to carry on the tradition.

http://www.expansivepoetryonline.com/ Robert Darling
Expansive Poetry and Music Online
July 30, 2014

Robert Darling, a noted and widely published poet and critic, is also an afficionado of Irish music, much of which he has shared with a grateful Webmaster, He has has been a professor for many years at Keuka College, in both the English department and the Fine Arts department..

Wade Newman€™s Final Terms / East and West is/are his first poetry collection(s) since Poisoned Apples, also from Pivot Press. The reason for the equivocation(s) is that the collections are published in one volume; when readers are finished with one compilation, they need merely flip the book over and begin the next, there being no back cover to the volume but two front covers. (I€™m sure there is a technical term for the context, but my printing and research prowess fail me here.) Poor bookstore clerks must be confused as to how to shelve the book, but it is a boon to the reader, having two volumes for the price of one.

Regardless of the format, it is good to have more of Newman€™s work available for a wider readership. While he has won several awards and been widely published, this substantial collection more than doubles Newman€™s poems available in book form. East and West is the briefer of the two volumes and consists mainly of very short poems, heavily influenced by Japanese forms. Final Terms focuses more on Occidental forms, including many villanelles. The poems in both collections are dominated by love and love€™s mishaps and the motif of dance permeates both as well. Some of the women are mentioned in both collections as well; for the purposes of concision, I will therefore consider the books as one for the rest of this review€”the reader should, however, keep in mind the collections are presented separately.

While a few of the villanelles lack repeating lines of sufficient interest, many are fine uses of a difficult form; in particular €œShe Loves Me Less than Cigarettes€ is wonderful, balancing the title line with the more positive €œAfter each pack, we have wild sex.€ And then there€™s the rueful €œVillanelle€: €œThere€™s always a woman walking out the door / They exit the same way as the one before.€ €œFour Poems in the Spirit of Catullus€ do a fine job of incarnating a contemporary Catullus: one could easily imagine him declaring €œNo one€™s sexier when your temper€™s turned on€ and delighting in such finery on his woman as €œthe spaghetti-strap black dress, / Argentine stiletto heels, / And edible underwear.€

This brings us to another point: the poems in this book are overwhelmingly from a male perspective. One hopes we€™re past the time where this would be a problem for many readers. While there€™s no denying that a corrective was necessary, the commendable assertion of the female viewpoint should not render the comparable male one inappropriate. These poems, while strongly from a male viewpoint, should not be inaccessible to female readers. Doubtless, though, some will raise this complaint. Dogmatic readers will miss the playfulness of many of the lyrics. But that€™s their loss and not the fault of the poems.

Dance dominates many of these poems, several of which replicate the measures of a dance. Newman even offers special tango glossaries for the non-initiate. And one sometimes wonders whether the poet loves foreign women or their names more€”he takes a great rhythmic delight in Uta, Yuri, Miwa, Nga, etc. Their names often merge marvelously with the dance steps and directions of the poem. It should be impossible for women so-named to be other than agile of foot.

The persona in many of these poems often seems as ill-starred in love as Larkin€™s; the women are often leaving, the speaker hears things second-hand (€œOr at least that€™s what everyone says€), things are passing (€œAs each year I get older€; €œThe party was long over€), insults are endured (€œI just crawl some hole and die€). But he keeps coming back for more and it is the dance that invigorates him.

There are poems of social comment, poems concerned about the craft of poetry, elegies and remembrances. But the overwhelming concern is with male-female relationships€”several of the poems concerned with poetry end up addressing the muse as fickle lover. And this questioning and exploration of relationship is probably Newman€™s greatest strength, at least in these collections. And these lines at their best achieve a kind of simple profundity not easily captured. Consider the conclusion of €œBefore€:

             Before we slept together,
             I slept with you alone.
             Before we loved forever,
             I loved you in a poem.

This looks simple€”until one tries to write it. There is not much in the way of verbal fireworks in this collection but a plain-spokenness enhanced by formal technique that is impressive. Final Terms/East and West deserves repeated reading. Much like Japanese ink drawings, the poems have an understated elegance.

http://www.expansivepoetryonline.com/ Robert Darling
Expansive Poetry and Music Online
May 14, 2014

Robert Darling, a noted and widely published poet and critic, has been a professor for many years at Keuka College.

Though the writer has enduring philosophical differences with Charles Baudelaire, I found in Helen Palma€™s translations many caverns of jewels: an urbane sensibility; an interest in vice; numerous sensual and aesthetic pleasures; symbols of sex and death; corruption; the macabre; sound and sense and beautiful color. I also found the difference between myself and the 19th century French poet: where I discover a hole in my jeans, I smile free and easy, at one with Huck Finn; when this Frenchman contemplates his thread-bare pantalon he damns all the world. So be it. What is under consideration are Helen Palma€™s superb translations, not my discomfort with the author of the originals!

A major difference touching translation is how the original language sounds. English is different in nature compared to French, not so much as consonant French to vowel-rich Italian, yet bold, practical English is not well-suited to the soft, subtle alliteration of the sweetly soothing, and effeminate, French dropping of vowels. With fewer bellowing vowels there is the opportunity for musical mellifluousness -- lush and Debussy-like. Palma evidently heard, for this lushness is well translated in €œThe Sun€:

And sometimes find the rhymes that died in dreams.
This life-giving father, and pallor€™s foe€

I should mention that €œThe Sun€ is almost unique in this collection for the sincerity of its Romanticism. There is little of the picturesque decadence of the Symbolists; it betrays the poet€™s youthful optimism. I am reminded that Baudelaire€™s school chums recollected his writing-in and thinking-in verse. I can almost hear Blake.

Something else of French that Americans find unnatural is the cultural obscenity of the gigantism of Rabelais€™ Gargantua, Lachaise€™s Standing Woman, and Beaudelaire€™s €œLa Gante€:

                        I€™d probe at leisure her enormous limbs,
                        Climb up the slope of her tremendous knees;
                        And when the humid sunlight spread disease€

€et cetera, although I cannot agree with the poet€™s point-of-view because I was never so young, never diseased, and never so French, yet, through Ms. Palma€™s translation, I can see what he saw in the manner that he sees. This is how translation is supposed to work.

And then, the rhyme: Here I found delight, word to word, line to line, stanza to stanza, and verse to verse. I found the rhymes fitting in almost every instance; accurate in translation, appropriate to the purpose, and telling in meaning. Most any verse would serve as an example. I choose €œAutumn Song€ almost at random. The rhymes alone can tell the action of the drama:

                        dismal gloom / dreary boom
                        my soul / infernal pole
                        sacrifice / blood-red ice
                        log€™s descent / shall be rent
                        fearful throes / repeated blows
                        monstrous thud / fall€™s mud
                        for whom / with doom

Nowhere did I find that stretching after rhymes which is the sometime bane of translation. I found an ease, a rich variety of rhyme€™s application: in €œTo a Passing Woman€ couplets that dragged deep in lament to rise in the concluding couplet above the pallid skies; in €œMy Beatrice€ couplet after couplet of promise and fulfillment; and I expect that you will find meaning in many rhymes that I have overlooked.

Then, Ms. Palma is fastidious in her fealty to Baudelaire€™s peculiar adaptations of standard sonnet forms. Sometimes the rhyme scheme seems higgledy-piggledy, at other times to the purpose. A random reading of the 24 sonnets in this collection will surprise and delight. I choose the €œThe Blind Man€ for example of strophic structure, a division of what would be the final sestet divided with a turn between tercets (eef/ggf):

                        And thus they navigate unending Night,
                        Eternal Quiet€™s twin. While at your height,
                        O City, how you laugh and sing and roar!
                        Your lust for pleasure carries you astray,
                        And yes, me too; far more blunted than they,
                        I ask: What are those blind men looking for?

And then, there is an exemplary excellence in many of these sonnets which can be found in the final word of the final line: That fulfillment of the expectations of the preceding 139 syllables is found in €œThe Cracked Bell€ meaningfully and musically when the sound of the nail of the caesura €œdies.€ Yet, for me, the most rewarding of exits was found in €œThe Setting of the Romantic Sun€. Here is an ending, ending the ending: The end of the Romantic; the end of the sun; the end of the verse and of the song, a true sound sounding the fading echo of the clarion, ringing €œHow splendid€€ and ending €œcold snails.€ not so much a note as spittle on the reed.

In €œThe Cask of Hate€ I found the meter of feet, hearing the poet€™s heavy steps beating a bear-like rhythm. This heavy foot-fall makes substitutions all the more poignant, all the more telling: As is heard in the heavy step and squeezing of,

Lovely. Another verse rich in knowing prosody is the first stanza of the first verse in this collection of translations, €œSpleen (IV)€ where the slowing spondaic substitution and the descending drag of alliterations well meets the sound to the sense:

                        When the low, leaden sky weighs like a lid
                        Upon the mind that old vexations bite;
                        When the horizon in black bile lies hid,
                        And pours a dark day down, sadder than night€

This spleen is just that, not in good humor, yet it is skilled versification, demonstrating invention both in French creation and in English recreation. Another instance of rich prosody is found in €œFrom the Depths€, a personalized Psalm 130. Do yourself a favor. Read this verse translation aloud, allow the sweet melodies to caress the tongue, the vibrations to message the throat, the invocations to seduce the ear. Here, the final quatrain of €œHazy Sky€ will deliver a taste of Ms. Palma€™s recreation of the French-like luxury in language:

                        Dangerous woman, with your changeling clime,
                        Shall I adore as well your frost and rime,
                        And learn to draw from that pitiless winter
                        Joys keener than its ice-and-steel-tipped splinter?

I found in this collection many invitations to participate in ethical corruption, much in the way that Shakespeare requests our participation in the corruptions of Richard III. In €œThe Lid€, Baudelaire would make us complicit in his stroking pleasures, the little sins against the cradle of his culture, which for myself I cannot do, yet I can and do find sympathy in the sound and in structure of the verse:

                        Go where we will, be it on land or sea,
                        Beneath a sun that€™s searing or cold-white,
                        As votaries of Christ or venery,
                        Possessed of millions or a widow€™s mite€

Why accept the pleasure but deny the seduction? Because, in the actual virtue of structured verse, Baudelaire rejects the corruption of transitory phantasmagoria, as do I. I wonder if he knew? Perhaps I have dilated over much on the grotesqueries and the psycho-personal excesses. Even so, knowing something of biography, you may also be reminded that the poet during composition was enjoying syphilitic euphoria while suffering syphilitic agonies; that he and his mistress were soon to die of syphilis; and of that body of Symbolist art inspired by The Flowers of Evil (think the etchings of Baudelaire€™s friend, Flicien Rops).

But then, here the question concerns the skilled translations of Helen Palma, which surpass goodness, and deserve a reading. Buy and read this highly recommended book.

http://www.expansivepoetryonline.com/ Michael Curtis
Expansive Poetry and Music Online
March 14, 2014

For Ezra (Online Journal Of Translation) review of Palma's book click here (Don't be misled by page title. It's the Spring 2014 issue. You'll have to page through the poems to find the review)

     (To read Turner's review at World Literature Today,
       click on the photo or on the headline)

Kudos to Frederick Turner (author of poetic epics Genesis; The New World, and numerous critical works) and World Literature Today for this review of one of the major literary events of the still-new century, the late Julia Budenz's Gardens of Flora Baum, published posthumously by Carpathia Press, under the able direction of Emily Lyle and Roger Sinnott. This writer had the privilege of publishing a very small piece of this work in 2007 under the Pivot Press imprint. Five volumes long, a single, unified work, it is the poet's life's work, begun in the mid-60s, and left partially unfinished at her death in 2010. Read Turner's review, and then, to get your own copy, go to Carpathia Press, which offers the book in a gorgeous sewn edition (shown in Turner's own photograph), and in a more affordable paper version, which is also quite beautiful, its covers decorated with photos, including several of the poet.

Some favorite authors: For Frederick Turner and Dick Allen, search Alibris.com, Amazon.com, and other online bookstores. Check also on Frederick Turner's Facebook and his web site. For Dick Allen, check his website. For those who wish copies of prior books published by Pivot Press, or by Somers Rocks Press, please contact the Webmaster. For Frederick Feirstein, the 3rd Musketeer of Expansive Poetry, check his website.   For Carolyn Raphael, whose short narratives continue a great chain that includes Robert Browning, try her Web site. A writer from the South who's made a strong mark over the past decade or so, Jennifer Reeser, has a Web site to look at.   For the very engaging Suzanne Noguere, she maintains a Web site here. For Wade Newman, who has a new book out, you can order a copy of 2013's Final Terms / East and West here.

Those of you fond of Dr. Salemi's essays and poems might want to look at Pennsylvania Review